| 1413 | Timur the Lame¹s Empire breaks
up and Turks recover their holdings |
| 1420 | Reign of John VIII Paleologus, son of Manuel II |
| 1422
| Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople |
| 1423 | Governor of Thessaloniki, fearing a
Turkish attack, sold the city to the Venetians |
| 1430
| Ottomans capture Thessaloniki and slaughter or enslave
Greek population |
| 1439 | John
VIII pledges to the Union of the Churches at the Council of Florence, aborted
attempt to unite Roman Catholic and East Orthodox Churches under Papal supremacy |
| 1444 | As a result of John VIII¹s
pledge at the Council of Florence, a new Western expedition invades the Balkans
to be defeated by the Turks at Varna |
| 1448 | Reign if Constantine XI Palaiologos, after his brother John VIII
dies. |
| 1451 to 1481 | Sultan
Mehmed II "the Conqueror" leads Ottomans in capture of Constantinople |
| Dec 12, 1452 | Unification of the
churches on the west's terms proclaimed in Agia Sofia when Emperor Constantine
XI Palaiologos, against the peoples wishes, appealed to the Pope for military
help |
| May 29,1453 | Fall of
Constantinople to Ottomans |
| Jan 6,1454 | George Skholarios under name of Yennadios, ordained from monk to
Patriarch in one day via friendship of Sultan Mehmet II |
| 1460 | Turks conquer Peloponese |
| 1461 | Ottoman Turks conquer Pontos,
successor state established after Latin invasion of 1204; last Greek enclave |
| 1482 | Venetians take Zakynthos and
begin domination of Ionian Islands |
| 1489 | Venetians assume control of Cyprus from Franks |
| 1492 | Ottoman Empire gives asylum to
expelled Sephardic Jews from Spain |
| 1526 | Moldavia and Wallachia come under Ottoman rule and keep autonomous
rule |
| 1571 | Conquest of
Cyprus from Venetians by Ottoman Turks |
| 1571
| Battle of Lepanto, Spain, Venice, Genoa and Roman Papacy
send armada and destroy Turkish navy |
| 1589
| Patriarchate of Moscow created |
| 1599 | Hios taken from Florence by Ottomans |
| 1612 | The United Provinces were
accorded a capitulatory treaty of their own, similar to those granted to England
and France but limited in trade. They made free use of it to introduce tobacco into Turkey in the face of vigorous
but vain opposition by the Mufti. |
| 1638
| New Testament translated by Maximos of Gallipoli and
published in Modern Greek in Geneva |
| 1640-? | Jesuits missionaries converted Greek Orthodox to Protestantism
via use of 'demotiki' language |
| 1645 to 1669
| Turco-Venetian War |
| 1669
| Dragoman of Porte(Interpreter of Imperial Court) &
Dragoman of Fleet created by Ottomans |
| 1682 to
1791
| Hundred Year War between Hapsburg Monarchy and Ottoman
Empire |
| 1683 | Second
failed siege of Vienna by Ottomans which began recession of Ottoman Empire's
frontiers |
| 1695 | Hios
taken from Venetians by Ottomans |
| 1711 | Prince of autonomous principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia to
Phanariots |
| 1715 | Ottomans
reconquer Morea from Venetians |
| 1768 to 1774
| Russo-Turkish War in which Ottoman's lost |
| 1770 | Empress Catherine II(the Great) sends
Russian fleet to western Greece and induces Greeks to failed revolt |
| 1787 to 1792 | Russo-Turkish War |
| 1797 | Collapse of the Venetian Republic
and loss of Ionian Islands to France |
| 1810(1815?)
| Ionian Islands annexed by Britain |
| 1821 | Prince Alexander Ypsilantes, who rose
to rank of major-general in Russian army, led failed Greek revolt in Moldavia in
early March 1821, wrongly assumed non-Greeks would support him. |
| 1821 to 1829 | Greek War of Independence.
64,000 Turks in Peloponese at the time(16% of population). Half killed in first
weeks of war |
| 1822
| Massacre of Hios by Ottomans after Greek Insurrection,
killed 25,000, enslaved 50,000 of total 100,000 population |
| 1825 to 27 | Egyptians retake Greece for
Ottomans |
| Oct 20, 1827 | European
fleet destroys Egyptian fleet at Navarino bay |
| 1830
| Jacob Fallmerayer publishes work that challenges Greeks'
claims of common racial descent from the ancient Hellenes |
| 1831
| Count John Capodistrias(1776 to 1831), first president of
Greece, assassinated by disgruntled Maniats |
| 1833
| Autocephelous Church of Greece created |
| 1833 | Installation of King Otto(1816 to
1867), son of King Ludwig of Bavaria, first ruling through a regency then
assuming full powers in his person. Population of Greece approximately. 800,000
|
| 1843
| Greece becomes a semi-constitutional monarchy after
bloodless revolt attains dismissal of Bavarian ministers |
| 1853 to 1856 | Crimean(Russo-Turkish) War
that Greeks could not take advantage of and expand, partly due to French and
English troops occupying Greece
|
| 1860
| Konstantine Paparigopoulos publishes first of five volume
"History of the Hellenic Nation from the Ancient Times Until Modern " |
| 1861 | Assassination attempt on
Queen Amalia |
| 1862 | King
Otto deposed; replaced by the Danish prince King George I(1845-) and new
constitution creating a "crowned democracy" |
| 1864
| Ionian Islands ceded by Britain as a good will gesture |
| 1866 | Ecclesiastical independence
of Romanian Orthodox Church |
| 1866 to 1869 | Cretans unsuccessful revolt against Ottomans |
| 1870 | Ecclesiastical independence of
Bulgarian Orthodox Church |
| 1877 to 1888 | Russo-Turkish War that saw the creation of Bulgaria |
| 1878 | Cyprus ceded to Britain by Ottoman
Empire |
| 1881
| Thessaly and Arta region of Epirus ceded to Greece by
Ottomans via European Power intervention |
| 1890 to
1914
| GREEK IMMIGRATION. Widespread unemployment and economic
problems led to extensive migrations almost entirely to US of 350,000, one-fifth
of total population |
| 1893 | Greek
government led by Harilaos Tricoupis forced to declare the country bankrupt
|
| 1896 | Baron Pierre de
Coubertin of France initiates efforts to revive Olympic Games at the ancient
stadium in Athens |
| 1897 | Greece
fights and loses two-week war with the Ottoman Empire. Crete gains autonomy
with Prince George of Greece as first governor |
| 1901
| "Evangelakia" riots over translations of the
Bible into demotic Greek |
| 1908 | Ottoman officers revolt "Young Turks" in Thessaloniki |
| 1909 | Officers revolt("Military
League") after decade of instability caused by 1897 defeat and inspired by
Young Turks, topple weak Greek government, impose reforms, then dissolve and
invite Venizelos to be Prime Minister |
| 1911
| Eleftherios Venizelos becomes Prime Minister |
| 1911 to 1912 | Italy declares war on
Turkey, invades Libya and Dodecanese Islands, Turkish holdings |
| 1912 | Greece homogenous in population
except for 6000 Muslims in Thessaly (Campbell & Sherrard, p143) |
| 1912 to 1913 | Balkan Wars. Balkan League
of Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece declare war on Turkey and drive Turks
out of Europe. Greece gains Macedonia and Epirus. Now 13% minorities including
370,000 Turks and 104,000 Bulgars |
| Mar 18,1913
| King George assassinated in Thessaloniki by madman |
| 1913
| Treaty of London placed Crete under full Greek rule |
| 1913 | Treaty of Bucharest placed much
of western Thrace in Greek hands; Lesbos, Chios & Samos also incorporated |
| 1914 to 1918 | First World War |
| 1916 | National Schism between
supporting Entente or Central Powers results in divided government, Venizelos
declaring provisional government in Thessaloniki
|
| 1917 | Russian revolution
|
| June 1917 | Britain and
France demand abdication of King Constantine. King and son Prince George flee,
his second son Alexander became provisional King |
| July
2,1917 | Venizelos assumes control of Greece and declares
war on Central powers |
| May 1918 | Greece mobilizes 250,000 troops, loses 6,000 dead and 25,000
wounded before peace is declared in November |
| 1919-1922
| Greco-Turkish War |
| March
1919 | Italy lands forces at Antalya to ensure their
mandate over southwest Turkey(promised to them for entering WWI on side of
Entente) |
| May 6,1919 | Greek
forces, escorted by British and French naval units, occupy Smyrna in reaction to
Italian invasion |
| June 1920 | Turkish
nationalists under Mustapha Kemal attack British position on the Ismid peninsula
at the eastern end of the Sea of Marmara and Greek forces sent to aid them. |
